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Battle of New Orleans
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The Battle of New Orleans was a series of engagements fought between December 24, 1814, and January 8, 1815, together constituting the final major and most one-sided battle of the War of 1812.〔Also known as the "Battle of Chalmette Plantation".〕〔Britain's Louisiana Campaign consisted of several military engagements that were less important than the epic battle of January 8, 1815, widely known as the ''Battle of New Orleans''. The first, the Battle of Lake Borgne, occurred on December 14, 1814, when British forces captured an American flotilla protecting Lake Borgne. The next occurred on December 23 when Andrew Jackson led a bold night attack on the British camp. The last, which began on January 9, ended on January 18 when the British terminated their unsuccessful bombardment of Fort St. Philip and began to withdraw the last of their troops and ships, signalling the end of their Louisiana Campaign.〕 American combatants,〔Thomas, pp. 36-38〕 commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson, prevented the British Army, Royal Marines and a large Royal Navy fleet, commanded by Admiral Alexander Cochrane and General Edward Pakenham, from seizing New Orleans as a strategic tool to end the war.〔Reilly, Robin (1974). ''The British at the gates - the New Orleans campaign in the War of 1812''. New York: Putnam.〕〔Rodriguez, Junius P. (2002). ''The Louisiana Purchase: a historical and geographical encyclopedia''. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 348: "The Battle of New Orleans settled once and for all the question over the Louisiana Purchase. Neither the British nor the Spanish government had recognized the legality of the transfer, and, in consequence, the British planned either to retain the region or return Louisiana to Spain had they won the battle."〕〔Thomas, Gregory M. (2005). ''The Battle of New Orleans''. Master of Arts dissertation, Louisiana State University. p. 88: "(Battle of ) New Orleans also eliminated vague British designs on a second colonization of America by expanding Canadian possessions down the Mississippi to the Gulf."〕〔Chapman, pp. 13-21〕 The Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24, 1814 (but was not ratified by the US Government until February 1815), and hostilities would continue in Louisiana, without knowing about and contrary to the Treaty, until January 18 when all of the British forces had retreated, finally putting an end to the Battle of New Orleans.〔Gleig, p. 340: "These preparations (withdraw ) being continued for some days, on the 17th (January ) no part of our force remained in camp except the infantry. Having delayed therefore only till the abandoned guns were rendered unserviceable, on the evening of the 18th it also began its retreat."〕〔Latour, p. 184: "On the morning of the 19th (January ), it was perceived that the enemy () had evacuated, not a single man appearing."〕〔Latour, Appendix ''lvi-lviii'', Copy of a letter from Andrew Jackson to Secretary Monroe, dated January 19, 1815: "Last night at twelve o'clock, the enemy precipitately decamped and returned to his boats,..." "I am advised by major Overton, who commands at fort St. Philip, in a letter of the 18th, that the enemy... had on the morning of that day retired."〕
==Battle of Lake Borgne==
(詳細はBritish fleet under the command of Sir Alexander Cochrane with more than 8,000 soldiers and sailors aboard, had anchored in the Gulf of Mexico to the east of Lake Pontchartrain and Lake Borgne.〔Refer to the map of Louisiana.〕 Preventing access to the lakes was an American flotilla, commanded by Lieutenant Thomas ap Catesby Jones, consisting of five gunboats. On December 14, around 1,200 British sailors and Royal Marines under Captain Nicholas Lockyer〔Quimby, p. 824〕 set out to attack Jones' force. Lockyer's men sailed in 42 longboats, each armed with a small carronade. Lockyer captured Jones' vessels in a brief engagement known as the Battle of Lake Borgne. 17 British sailors were killed and 77 wounded,〔Quimby,p. 826〕 while 6 Americans were killed, 35 wounded, and 86 captured.〔 The wounded included both Jones and Lockyer. Now free to navigate Lake Borgne, thousands of British soldiers, under the command of General John Keane, were rowed to Pea Island, about east of New Orleans, where they established a garrison.
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